I am looking for a reference on the use of positive-pressure end caps on CVVH dialysis catheters to reduce the risk of blood backflow and clotted catheters. We currently use the CLC2000 at our facility on all of our PICCs and central lines. My questions are:
1. Are positive pressure end caps effective on dialysis catheters in preventing clotting?
2. If the positive pressure end caps are used, can less heparin be instilled into the dialysis catheter(s)?
3. If the are used, should the catheter(s) be clamped in between use?